Working through some old magazine clippings last week, I found this amazing excerpt from a book that was released just a year ago. It’s by Tim Brown, the CEO of design shop IDEO, and is called “Change by Design” (buy it Amazon.co.uk or Kalahari.net). The excerpt gives a case study of a hospital they worked with to illustrate critical importance of design thinking and the use of tools that come out of the world of design (brainstorming, prototypes, scenarios, storytelling, etc) to build cultures of innovation in organisations of all types and sizes.
I was inspired by the excerpt. The book will be on my shelf soon. This is a MUST READ for all leaders.
Change By Design
BOOK EXCERPT
FROM: BusinessWeek, September 24, 2009
by Tim Brown
In his new book, the CEO of design shop IDEO shows how even hospitals can transform the way they work by tapping frontline staff to engineer change
As the center of economic activity in the developed world shifts inexorably from industrial manufacturing to knowledge creation and service delivery, innovation has become nothing less than a survival strategy. It is, moreover, no longer limited to new physical products but includes new sorts of processes, services, interactions, entertainment forms, and ways of communicating and collaborating.
These are exactly the kinds of human-centered tasks that designers work on every day, and over time they have evolved a body of skills to help them do it. It is time for this type of thinking—design thinking—to migrate outward and upward into the highest levels of leadership. Business leaders, hospital administrators, university professors, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) need to integrate the methods of the designer, just as designers need to broaden their reach from the crafting of objects to the shaping of services, experiences, and organizations. Design, in short, has become too important to be left to designers.
When I speak to CEOs, the question they most often ask is: “How can I make my company more innovative?” They recognize that in today’s fluid business environment, innovation is key to competitiveness, but they are aware of the difficulties in focusing their organizations around this goal. “How can we incorporate the designer’s creative problem-solving skills into our larger strategic initiatives?” “How can we engage a greater percentage of our workforce in design thinking itself?”
Steelcase’s Jim Hackett and A.G. Lafley of Procter & Gamble are among a growing number of enlightened business leaders who understand that a steady flow of innovative products rests upon an underlying culture of innovation. While they are excited by the challenge of designing new products, they are even more excited by the challenge of designing the organization itself.
Since Hackett became CEO, Steelcase has come to look like a very different company from the one that offered the world the first fireproof wastebasket back in 1914. Once technology and manufacturing capability drove most of its new-product development. Now the innovation process at Steelcase works outward from the perspective of human-centered design thinking. This new approach is evidenced by Workplace Futures, a unit that operates as a kind of internal think tank and includes anthropologists, industrial designers, and business strategists who conduct observations in the field to gain insights into the problems of Steelcase’s actual and potential clients.
Tricks from the designer’s toolkit—user observations, brainstorming, prototyping, storytelling, and scenario building—are invaluable in building an innovation capability, but taken by themselves they are rarely sufficient. Over time, and after countless experiences with organizations throughout the world, we have learned that innovation has to be coded into the DNA of a company if there is to be large-scale, long-term impact. All the workshops and brainstorming sessions in the world would not have transformed Procter & Gamble if then-CEO Lafley had not designated a chief innovation officer, increased the number of design managers by more than 500%, and established what he calls his innovation “gym,” a place to train managers in the new design thinking.
Companies such as P&G and Steelcase that make products and manage brands have a head start when it comes to transforming their internal cultures because they already have designers, and even some design thinkers, on their payrolls. In service organizations, that base of talent may not exist, and the challenge is greater.
Health-care provider Kaiser Permanente is a case in point. In 2003, Kaiser set out to improve the overall quality of the health-care experience from the point of view of both patients and medical practitioners.
My design consultancy, IDEO, proposed that rather than hire a slew of internal designers, the existing staff should learn the principles of design thinking and apply them themselves. Over the course of several months we conducted a series of workshops with nurses, doctors, and administrators that led to a portfolio of innovations. One of them—a project to reengineer nursing staff shift changes—involved a strategist with a nursing background, a specialist in organizational development, a technology expert, a process designer, and a union representative.
Working with frontline caregivers at each of four Kaiser hospitals, the core team identified the problems that occur when shifts change. Departing nurses routinely spent 45 minutes briefing the arriving shift about the status of their patients. The procedures were unsystematic and differed from hospital to hospital, and methods used for compiling information varied from Post-it notes to numbers scrawled on hospital scrubs. Knowledge was often lost, and many patients felt the shift change created a hole in their care. What followed from these observations were the now-familiar elements of a robust design process—videotaping, brainstorming, role playing, prototyping—carried out not by professional designers from IDEO but by Kaiser’s own staff.
The result was a complete change in approach. The first prototype, built in only a week, included new procedures and simple software that enabled nurses to call up previous shift-change notes and add new ones throughout their shifts. More important, patients were now part of the process and could bring up additional details important to them. Kaiser measured the impact of this change and found that the mean time between a nurse’s arriving on shift and first interacting with a patient was more than halved. The innovation also had an impact on how nurses felt about their job. In a survey, one commented: “I’m an hour ahead, and I’ve only been here 45 minutes.” Another admitted: “This was the first time I’ve ever made it out of here at the end of my shift.”
The new procedure had an impact on patients and nurses but on its own was a long way from achieving the desired goal of a systematic improvement in the overall quality of health care at Kaiser. To achieve that, the core team of nurses, development experts, and technologists went from carrying out their own projects to acting as consultants to the rest of the organization. Through the Kaiser Permanente Innovation Consultancy, the team now pursues the mission of enhancing the patient experience, envisioning Kaiser’s “hospital of the future,” and introducing innovation and design thinking across the Kaiser system.
The design thinkers I have described here are not minimalist, esoteric members of an elite priesthood, and they do not wear black turtlenecks. They are creative innovators who can bridge the chasm between thinking and doing because they are passionately committed to the goal of a better life and a better world around them. In the process they are helping to make our societies healthier, our businesses more profitable, and our own lives richer and more meaningful.
From the book Change by Design by Tim Brown copyright 2009 Tim Brown (published by Harper Business, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers)